Ever since Governor Brown proposed to eliminate the Enterprise Zone program, everyone seems to be focused on the “data” behind the program in an effort to determine the program’s value and future.  At yesterday’s Budget Subcommittee hearing, the same two reports squared off:  Professor Swenson and his USC report versus Jed Kolko and his PPIC report.

On the same day, the California Budget Project released what it claims is a new report with new data and concludes that the EZ program should be cut.  The conclusion, of course, is not surprising.  However, I did review the footnotes to see on what the CBP based its finding.  Over half of the footnotes that reference any sort of underlying data come either from the PPIC report or the CBP’s own prior report.  Now it may seem benign, but if quoting oneself can be deemed research, then Don King deserves to be king.  The CBP quotes its own report, its own research and its own findings as grounds for its new findings. 

The CBP also criticizes the program because the tax credits go to large corporations.  I’m not sure how to make the obvious point more obvious:  who do these companies hire?  I would be so bold as to say that they hire employees.  I would also repeat what Chris Micheli said:  the only way these corporations get the credit is if they hire someone who qualifies, e.g. veterans, disabled, unemployed or those who live in impoverished areas.  You only get the credit if you hire the type of people who deserve to get these jobs.  Keep in mind that a zone is designated by taking an impoverished residential community and designating the commercial area around it in order to help those residents find work.  The CBP report seems to ignore these fundamental aspects of the analysis.    

For its part, the PPIC report contains a fatal flaw that was exposed at yesterday’s hearing.  The PPIC report is based on Dun & Bradstreet data which is compiled by asking companies how many employees they have.  Kolko used this data noting the change in employment over time and concluded that there was no positive effect on employment in EZs.  However, as Professor Swenson pointed out, D&B asks employers to check a box declaring how many employees they have.  An employer can check the “1-5 employees” box if they have three employees.  If they hire two more employees, they will still check the “1-5 employees” box and hence one could conclude (and report to the legislature) that the EZ program has no positive effect on employment.  Kolko had no meaningful response to this criticism other than to say that the data searches are repeated millions of times and thus account for any margin of error (assuming I heard him right).  Dr. Swenson responded that repeating a data error two million times only confounds, not corrects the error.

Given the dueling reports, Swenson’s USC report has to be considered the more reliable of the two.  Regardless, there were two events that ruled the day at yesterday’s hearing both of which came after the academics cleared the mike.

1.  An attorney who seemed to have come prepared for this specific issue testified that the proposal to eliminate the credit carryover was indeed illegal, violating the Due Process clause and the Contracts clause of the Constitution.  He affirmed that there will be legal challenge to this part of the Governor’s proposal.  Importantly, the effect of this is to significantly reduce the amount Brown claims there is to be gained by eliminating the EZ program.  If the carryover credits cannot be legally eliminated, then the cost of the legal challenge, the uncertainty of resolution and the likely ultimate defeat of the proposal effectively eliminate any putative gains from cutting the program.  As Chris Micheli pointed out, there is also a wage add-back that taxpayers will certainly ask to be refunded if the carryover credits are eliminated.  Taxpayers pay for the credits when claimed on a current year return by adding the credits to income and thus paying more taxes in exchange for claiming the full amount of the credits and having the excess available for subsequent years.  Again, there is very little net gain even if the Governor gets his way.

2.  Statistics and econometrics models aside, the taxpayers ruled the day with their own testimony.  Cries to preserve the EZ program came from two divergent sectors that rarely coincide when it comes to public policy:  the business world and minority groups.  They were joined by representatives from small and large cities, chambers and individuals.   Everyone (except for Lenny Goldberg who said the same thing he says every year) echoed their support and reliance on the EZ program as a means to stay competitive, not against neighboring cities, but against neighboring states.  As one businessman put it, he’s getting calls weekly from other states with promises of tax breaks if he leaves California.  Many said that if the EZ program is cut, they will take other states up on their offer.  My favorite line of the night came from a businessman who said that he located in California and hired many employees because of the EZ program.  He emphasized that it would be unfair, unjust and unwise to cut the program and then concluded by telling the Committee that he gave his business card to the attorney who testified that there will be a legal challenge if the program is cut.

It was powerful hearing and a strong testament to the fact the California can only be competitive by keeping, if not expanding the EZ to lure and maintain businesses. The result would be to reduce unemployment, increase revenue and send a strong signal to businesses and other states that California is reversing its anti-business sentiment and commencing on a long term path to prosperity and independence.  One legislator (I think it was Manuel Perez) testified that Illinois enacted huge tax gains but left its Enterprise Zone program intact.   In fact, many Republican and Democratic legislators questioned why in the face of such unemployment figures would California further damage its ability to create jobs.  The representatives from the LAO could only look to the PPIC study and repeat what they were told to repeat, i.e. that we must make tough choices and the PPIC says that the program is not effective.  This is after they acknowledged that the data was outdated and that cutting the program would likely result in legal challenges.   Craig Johnson, on the other hand, stood firmly and declared to the Committee that CAEZ has the current data which proves conclusively that the EZ program creates jobs.  Professor Swenson added that on average, a qualified EZ employee costs the state roughly $5,000, whereas the cost to the state of paying unemployment benefits to the same employee if he or she can’t find work is over $20,000.  For myriad reasons, the EZ program benefits from such widespread support from minority and business leaders and the legislators on both sides of the aisle who represent these divergent groups as was evident at yesterday’s hearing.

The attached Fact Sheet highlights how many jobs have been created by the EZ program.  These are numbers that seem to be missing from the debate and certainly from the PPIC analysis.  For example, the EZ program put into the workforce 18,317 Californians who were previously on public assistance.

Here’s what Bill Allen had to say today about the Governor’s proposal to eliminate the EZ program:

If anything, the Governor should strengthen his commitment to the Enterprise Zone Program in these difficult economic times as a key mechanism to revitalize economically-challenged areas by providing incentives that create high-wage jobs and investment in these communities. By responsibly doing so, he would not only strengthen local economies, but strengthen the state’s long-term economic foundation as well.

Too many of our state and local residents desperately need jobs. Until such time when this is no longer the case, there will always be a critical role for Enterprise Zones. This is one program our elected officials cannot afford to eliminate.

Read the entire Fox & Hounds editorial here.

Our Weekly published an article outlining how the Enterprise Zone program has helped provide employment in areas that house high percentages of minorities.  Taking away the EZ program would disproportionately affect African Americans.

Enterprise zones have been instrumental in revitalizing inner city areas, said [Assemblymember Isadore] Hall. To target them strikes at the very heart of many minority areas, he said.

Read the full article.

Trying to beat the Governor to the punch, Assemblyman Perez intends to propose legislation aimed at making the EZ program more accountable and efficient.  Read the entire Tribune Weekly Chronicle article.

George Runner, member of the BOE wrote this today:

The Board came out in favor of the Governor’s budget on many fronts, including its stark honesty.  However, the Board is against driving businesses out of California by eliminating the Enterprise Zones.

Another area in which Brown’s spending plan shows ignorance of beneficial municipal-business partnerships is that of enterprise zones.
“Because the primary benefit of these zones is to shift economic activity from one geographic region within California to another geographic region within California, they are not of statewide interest,” Brown states in his budget proposal.
For many companies, the incentives offered through enterprise zones such as Santa Clarita’s are the only thing keeping them in California, and thus generating jobs.
As state Senate candidate Sharon Runner noted in a recent Signal Editorial Board meeting, what California really needs to get out of its fiscal hole is more jobs — jobs to generate tax revenue to keep state and local governments running.
But for the sake of argument, let’s pretend for a moment that Brown’s claim is true, and the “primary” benefits of enterprise zones is to shift jobs from one area to another. What’s the alternative?
In Santa Clarita, 50 percent of our work force travels out of town to jobs in L.A. What are the impacts of this daily migration on the state, and on the work force? Clogged freeways, long commute times, more and more resulting air pollution, frustrated workers.
These problems will only get worse unless we in the Santa Clarita Valley solve our jobs deficit. We simply are not adding enough jobs fast enough to close the gap.
The Enterprise Zone program can help us do that.

Read the full article here.

When Jerry Brown was Mayor of Oakland, he proudly welcomed Cybergold, an internet start-up company that moved to Oakland in large part because of “the tax incentives of the Enterprise Zone.”   It was September 28, 1999.

“Cybergold’s talented workforce adds to the energy and excitement of downtown Oakland,” said Mayor Brown at an event celebrating Cybergold’s recent arrival. “Cybergold’s presence here is an unmistakable signal to other Internet start-ups that Oakland is wired and ready to go.”
Read it here.

I guess that was then and this is now, but Mayor Brown was able to build a thriving downtown Oakland because of the EZ.  Now he claims they are of no benefit to the state and should be summarily cast aside. Hmmm.

The California Association of Enterprise Zones posted this response to Governor Brown’s proposal to eliminate the Enterprise Zones:

SACRAMENTO, Calif., Jan. 11, 2011 /PRNewswire/ — The California Association of Enterprise Zones (CAEZ) understands California and Governor Brown are looking for ways to close a $28 billion budget deficit.  CAEZ believes the ultimate solution will only be achieved through strengthening California’s economy and creating jobs.  

The proposal outlined by Governor Brown to eliminate Enterprise Zones is inconsistent with policies promoting economic development, job growth and community investment.  Each Enterprise Zone is created for a limited time and represents a commitment from the state and a significant investment from local governments.  Eliminating Enterprise Zones would send the wrong message to businesses that create jobs, in essence that California is an unreliable partner not to be counted on to keep its commitments.  

“We should be doing all we can to promote economic development and create jobs locally,” said Craig Johnson, president of CAEZ.  ”Jobs generate revenue for the state.”

The uncertainty caused by proposals to abruptly change economic policies is already disrupting business decisions to expand job creating investments.  Now is not the time to abandon these partnerships and the infrastructure created at the local level through the Enterprise Zone program with private sector businesses and our local communities.  

Research has shown that Enterprise Zones help reduce poverty rates, lower unemployment, provide higher wages, increase household income levels and foster greater community investment through private-sector businesses.

“Tax increases and the elimination of these important economic development programs will only worsen California‘s unemployment rate and cause more businesses to flee to states with healthier economies and friendlier business policies,” stressed Johnson.

The California Association of Enterprise Zones (CAEZ) represents the 42 Enterprise Zones located throughout California.  CAEZ’s priority is to ensure economic growth and retaining and growing jobs in the most distressed areas of California and in communities of color.

Los Angeles is “prepared to shoulder its fair share of the responsibility” for balancing the budget, said Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. But, “any scenario that would completely eliminate the redevelopment zones and state enterprise zones is a non-starter.”

Similarly, George Runner, the newest member of the Board of Equalization, said that raising taxes and making it tough on business isn’t a solution.

“Californians are confronted with a huge budget crisis.  The fact is for too many years we’ve been spending more money than we should.  More money has been going out than revenues coming in.” Runner said. “We can solve our budget problem and the best way to do that is by getting Californians jobs.  I’m going to be looking at this budget through that lens. I applaud the Governor for proposing difficult spending cuts.  But I can’t support proposals to hurt private sector jobs through punitive tax hikes.”

“Californians have already spoken on the issue of taxes by resoundingly rejecting every proposed tax increase on recent ballots.  A special election to hike taxes is a waste of taxpayers’ time and money. Certainly we have to make some hard decision and cuts are necessary. But if we make it harder for the private sector to create employment than this is the wrong way to go,” he said.

Eliminating enterprise zones is a big mistake, according to Runner.

“Enterprise zones are California ‘s only remaining public policy measure aimed at keeping private sector jobs in our state.  Abolishing them would be irresponsible.  Instead we should make the whole state an enterprise zone,” he concluded.